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Anti-money laundering in Canada: Agents of the Crown

Author(s): Elizabeth Sale, Haley Adams, Malcolm Aboud, Chelsea Rubin

Apr 30, 2021

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For changes of general application that will apply to all Reporting Entity sectors as of June 1, 2021, please refer to Part 1 of the guide.

Read Part 1

Definition of financial entity

The Amendments repeal the previous definition for financial entity and replace that definition with a new one. Most critically, the definition of “financial entity” as of June 1 will also encompass

  • an agent of the Crown when accepting deposit liabilities in the course of providing financial services to the public

This substantially increases the compliance burdens for agents of the Crown when accepting deposit liabilities, as agents of the Crown will be subject to the full requirements that financial entities have in respect of those deposit liability activities under the PCMLTFA.

Entering into business relationships

FINTRAC issued new guidance in February that will come into effect on June 1, 2021 that redefines when an agent of the Crown is considered to have entered into a business relationship. This has wide-reaching implications for various obligations agents of the Crown have under the PCMLTFA and its regulations as the beginning of a “business relationship” triggers beneficial ownership determination obligations, ongoing monitoring obligations and obligations to conduct certain PEP/HIO screenings. Under the new definition, an agent of the Crown enters into a business relationship with a client the second time the agent of the Crown is required to verify the client’s identity within a five-year period.

Know-your-client requirements

On March 22, 2021, FINTRAC issued new guidance on when to verify the identity of persons and entities for agents of the Crown in order to reflect the Amendments. This guidance will come into effect on June 1, 2021.

Changes from the prior guidance include

  • additional client verification requirements for large virtual currency transactions (equivalent to $10,000 or more), which are subject to the 24-hour rule
  • the addition of a new exception: there is no need to verify the identity of a person or entity that conducts a large virtual currency transaction if the virtual currency is received from a financial entity or a public body or a person acting on behalf of a financial entity or public body

Screening for politically exposed persons and heads of international organizations

As of June 1, 2021, agents of the Crown will be required to conduct screenings for PEPs, HIOs, and the family members and close associates of PEPs and HIOs. In anticipation of this, as well as other changes to PEP/HIO screening under the Amendments, FINTRAC issued new guidance in May to take effect on June 1. New guidance containing obligations of general application for all REs, including agents of the Crown, is described in detail in Part 1. New guidance specific to non-account-based reporting entities (including agents of the Crown) is available from FINTRAC.

In summary

  • Requirements to take “reasonable measures to determine” PEP/HIO status under the new guidance
    • Agents of the Crown must take reasonable measures to determine whether someone they enter into a business relationship with is a PEP, HIO, a family member of a PEP or HIO, or the close associate of a foreign PEP.
    • Agents of the Crown also have the obligation to periodically determine whether they conduct business with a PEP, HIO, a family member of a PEP or HIO, or the close associate of a foreign PEP.
    • If any employees or officers detect a fact that would be reasonable grounds to suspect a business relationship with a PEP, HIO, or a family member or close associate of a PEP or HIO, the detection of such a fact also triggers an obligation to determine under the new guidance.
  • Under the new guidance, once a determination has been made that a person is a foreign PEP (or a family member or close associate of a foreign PEP) or a high-risk domestic PEP or HIO (or a high-risk family member or high-risk close associate of a domestic PEP or HIO), agents of the Crown have obligations to take reasonable measures to establish the designated person’s source of wealth and take enhanced risk mitigation measures.
  • Transaction-specific requirements under the new PEP/HIO guidance
    • Agents of the Crown receiving $100,000 in cash or an equivalent amount in virtual currency from a person have a duty to take reasonable measures to determine whether that person is a PEP, HIO, or a family member or close associate of a PEP or HIO. If the person is determined to be a foreign PEP (or family member or close associate of a foreign PEP) or a high-risk domestic PEP or HIO (or the high-risk family member or high-risk close associate of a domestic PEP or HIO), an agent of the Crown must take reasonable measures to establish the source of the funds or virtual currency used for the transaction and the source of the person’s wealth, and must ensure that a member of senior management reviews the transaction.
  • Recordkeeping requirements under the new PEP/HIO guidance
    • Agents of the Crown must keep certain records when they determine that there is a business relationship with a PEP, HIO, or a family member or close associate of a PEP or HIO, including the office or position and the name of the organization or institution of the PEP or HIO, the date of the determination and the source of the person’s wealth, if known. These records must be kept for five years after they were created.
    • Agents of the Crown must keep certain records when senior management reviews a transaction involving someone determined to be a PEP, HIO, or a family member or close associate of a PEP or HIO. These records must include the office or position and the name of the organization or institution of the PEP or HIO, the date of the determination, the source of the cash or virtual currency used for the transaction (if known), the source of the person’s wealth (if known), the name of the senior management member who conducted the review and the date of the review. These records must be kept for five years after they were created.

The new guidance also sets out an exception to the PEP/HIO determination requirements. If a person has already been determined to be a foreign PEP or their family member, there is no need to reassess that person’s designation, as a person’s foreign PEP or foreign PEP family member status continues indefinitely.

Recordkeeping requirements

Agents of the Crown will be subject to new recordkeeping requirements under the Amendments. In anticipation of these changes, FINTRAC issued new recordkeeping guidance on March 22, 2021 to take effect June 1, 2021. As with prior guidance, the new FINTRAC recordkeeping guidance to take effect in June does not consolidate all recordkeeping requirements and additional recordkeeping requirements continue to be found in the beneficial ownership guidance, the ongoing monitoring guidance and the PEP/HIO screening guidance, among others.

Changes under the new guidance include

  • new obligations to retain records of terrorist property reports, large cash transaction reports and large virtual currency reports for five years
  • recordkeeping requirements for large cash transactions now also include transactions in which another person or entity is authorized to receive funds and the other person or entity receives $10,000 or more in cash
  • the modification of the information that must be kept as part of the large cash transaction record and the addition of new information to be retained. New information that must be provided in the record includes information regarding entities involved in the transaction, exchange rates used, reference numbers connected to the transaction and details of the remittance of the cash received
  • the modification of the information that must be kept as part of the transaction record for the issuance of money orders or other negotiable instruments, or when cashing money orders. The recordkeeping requirements under the new guidance include any information about virtual currency received in connection with those transactions, among other requirements
  • records of unsuccessful reasonable measures are no longer required
  • when receiving virtual currency as compensation for the validation of a transaction or when a nominal amount of virtual currency is received for the sole purpose of validating another transaction, a large virtual currency transaction record does not need to be kept

Download: Agents of the Crown [PDF]

Read: Anti-money laundering in Canada: A guide to the June 1, 2021 changes